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How are Alebrijes, Mexican wood carvings made?
Alebrijes are carved wooden figures created by Oaxacan artisans. They have become so popular that even the world’s most respected Spanish language authority, the La Real Academia de la Lengua Española, Spanish Royal Academy, has included the term “Alebrijes” in its official Spanish language dictionary. The term “Alebrijes” originated from the name that Mr. Pedro Linares, of Mexico City, gave to his fantastic creations of paper maché; which are internationally recognized.
Most Oaxacan artisans simply call them figuras "wooden figures", naming them after the animal which they carved, such as the deer, raccoon, leopard, etc., but when a fantastic figure is elaborated, the artisan is compelled to say he has created an "alebrije."
The creative process in making a wooden figure begins with the artisan imagining a form. On occasion, ideas arise spontaneously but sometimes artisans take days or even months imagining a very special figure. The wooden piece is then chosen. It will be used to create the figure that is in his mind. Most artisans use “copalillo” wood to carve their figures. A few others use the "tzomplantle" and cedar.
The "copalillo" is a tree that grows in warm regions of Oaxaca. There are several species and scientifically it is classified as belonging to the "Burseras" family. Artisans classify “copalillo” trees as being either male or female. This differentiation is quickly made by simply looking at the tree and smelling it.
The ideal "copal or copalillo" is the female, which doesn't have "knots" in its bark and smells somewhat like a lime (citric fruit). The female is used because it is softer and easier to carve. The male copal is not used because of imperfections in its bark and its hardness; which makes it extremely difficult to carve.
Once the branch or the wooden piece has been selected, it is cut from the tree.
Some artisans prefer to carve the wood immediately to take advantage of the softness of the wood, while others leave it to dry in the sun for two or three days.
Once in the shop, its shell is removed. Initial cuts are made with the machete to form a rough idea of what the artisan has imagined. This gives it an initial proportion and size. Eventually, during the process, they start using finer and sharper blades that are more precise and make finer cuts. Some artisans use other tools apart from knives and blades; for example, chisels, mallets, blades of different shapes and sizes, etc.
Once the figure has been carved, it is exposed to the sun. The amount of time the figure spends under the sun depends on the size of the figure: the small ones only a day, the big ones up to a month. Some artisans prefer drying the figures in the shade so that the drying is more natural and not so abrupt and exposed to the sun’s rays.
After making sure the figure is completely dry the artisan proceeds to sand the figure down. Sanding can take anywhere from an hour to a whole day. This also depends on the size of the figure.
Once the figure has been sanded down, gasoline or some other type of liquid is applied to protect against insects like the moth or powder-post beetle. (This method may or may not eliminate wood-boring insects. It may help but freezing the carvings is recommended ) If the wood has imperfections, it is retouched with wood putty or with the same wood dust that was left from the figure when it was sanded down, mixing it with white glue.
Once the figure is completely smooth and any imperfections have been covered, a coat of color paint is applied over it. This will serve as a base for the decoration. Brushes and paintbrushes of all sizes are used in the painting of the figures. The decoration depends on the imagination, ability, and dedication of each artisan. The amount of detail in a figure indicates the amount of time the artisan invested in the elaboration of that figure.
The first artisans struggled greatly to find the appropriate tools and paint to create their figures. But with time decoration and carving techniques evolved.
The evolution and improvement of carving techniques are demonstrated by the way newer figures are made. In the past, it was very common for artisans to assemble a figure from several pieces. Nowadays there is a tendency toward elaborating figures in a single piece; only leaving some detachable parts as the ears or the horns.
As for the painting, the first figures were colored in a rustic way using natural paint such as lime and nopal cochinilla cochineal. Maguey thorns, reed chips with tips and toothpicks were used for the decoration of points; now there are appropriate paintbrushes to carry out the dotting, the lining or the stains; of course, the only thing that you cannot substitute is the genius and the artisan's ability.
Each artisan uses or modifies his tools in order to make it easier to translate his creativity into a wood piece; giving life to an un-replicable, unrepeatable and unique figure.
The artisan always places all of his effort and heart into his work and leaves a trace of his very being in each figure that he creates.
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